Neutrino self-interactions in light of DESI and CMB-SPA

We present an updated analysis of non-standard neutrino self-interactions, where the interaction is effectively mediated by a heavy particle, using the latest available data from DESI and the CMB. The considered data include combinations of DESI DR1 full-shape galaxy clustering (FS), BAO distance measurements, Lyman- α 1D power spectra (Ly- α), and a combined CMB likelihood (CMB-SPA) using data from Planck, ACT, and SPT. First, we probe two DESI DR1-only datasets, where the effective interaction parameter G eff is multimodal in the profile likelihood, leading us to analyze two different regimes: moderately interacting (MI ν) and strongly interacting (SI ν) neutrinos. With FS+BAO, the evidence disfavors the SI ν mode, a trend that becomes slightly stronger with the inclusion of Ly- α. However, in the latter dataset, the MI ν region shows a bimodality in which the intermediate mode is very sharp and peaks around G eff, 10-3 MeV-2; interestingly, this mode is not penalized versus the weaker standard-like mode. Furthermore, we test CMB and DESI joint data and show that the SI ν mode is more disfavored by CMB-SPA than by Planck-only data. In particular, the evidence against this mode becomes the strongest thus far (with odds of 5:100000) in the FS+BAO+CMB-SPA combination.