Galactic warps constrain equivalence-principle violation in the dark sector

Current measurements of the expansion of the Universe allow for the presence of evolving dark energy, distinct from a cosmological constant, with an equation of state that seems to violate the null energy condition. One notable explanation for this behaviour is that the dark energy interacts with the dark matter, violating the equivalence principle yet evading conventional laboratory and astrophysical constraints. Such models produce fifth forces acting only on dark matter. We show how such forces separate halo and stellar disk centres, creating a potential gradient across the disk that warps it into a cup shape. Measuring the warps of 4 times10 cubed edge-on disks in Sloan Digital Sky Survey images and modelling the fifth-force signal together with competing baryonic effects, we find no sign of the predicted correlation between the measured warps and the fifth-force field. This constrains the fifth-force strength relative to gravity to ΔG/G N<7.7 times10-4 at 95% credibility (or <1.7 times10-3 once systematic uncertainties are included) for force ranges of 8 Mpc and above. In the infinite-range limit of a scalar rolling today, even the conservative bound is three times stronger than the tightest cosmological bound (which, unlike ours, depends on the scalar's cosmological evolution) and about two orders of magnitude below other astrophysical bounds. It disfavours at 2-3 σ the couplings preferred by recent fits of interacting dark energy to cosmological data unless gravitational screening is invoked.