Bulk-Defect Correspondence in Algebraic Classical Spin Liquids

Local constraints in algebraic classical spin liquids give rise to singular momentum-space correlations. This so called pinch-point singularity carries a momentum-space winding number that determines the low-energy structure of the algebraic spin liquid. We show that nonmagnetic vacancies in two dimensions reveal this topological invariant in the real-space winding of the surrounding spin textures. Under explicit conditions, we prove this bulk-defect correspondence for rank- n U(1) spin liquids and verify it numerically for the Coulomb spin liquids of the kagome and checkerboard lattices and the rank-2 U(1) spin liquid of the honeycomb-snowflake model. In this way we show that vacancies can be used as general probes for distinguishing the emergent gauge theories of strongly correlated classical disordered magnets.