A unified harmonic framework for dark siren cosmology

The galaxy catalog dark siren method aims to infer cosmological parameters from gravitational waves (GWs) without an electromagnetic counterpart by statistically marginalizing over possible host galaxies. The cross-correlation of GW sources and galaxies is a promising avenue for cosmological inference without requiring observed host galaxies, by leveraging 2-point statistics. We provide a detailed guide to the cross-correlation method, clarifying its relationship to standard dark siren techniques as well as the assumptions necessary to be able to use this formalism on GW data. We show that a 2x2 point cross-correlation analysis extends the angular part of the galaxy catalog method transformed to harmonic space, in which the unknown galaxy field is marginalized over rather than treated as fixed and uniform. Combined with the spectral sirens method, which encodes information from the GW rate evolution, mass distribution, and selection effects, one can perform an inference that leverages the joint constraining power of all dark siren methods. We also present a strategy to rigorously fold GW measurement errors into the likelihood. Using this method, we show that with a 2 Einstein Telescope + 1 Cosmic Explorer setup, the GW--galaxy cross-correlation part alone can jointly measure H 0 and Ω m, 0 to 1% and 5% precision with just 2 years of data, demonstrating its potential as a precise and scalable inference technique in the next generation of GW and galaxy surveys. This is in contrast with canonical hierarchical Bayesian population inference techniques, which are known to scale poorly with the precision and catalog size expected of next-generation GW experiments. Because the cross-correlation method implicitly requires large-number statistics, a GW--galaxy cross-correlation measurement is not possible with current GW catalogs.