Effectiveness of Automatically Curated Dataset in Thyroid Nodules Classification Algorithms Using Deep Learning

The diagnosis of thyroid nodule cancers commonly utilizes ultrasound images. Several studies showed that deep learning algorithms designed to classify benign and malignant thyroid nodules could match radiologists' performance. However, data availability for training deep learning models is often limited due to the significant effort required to curate such datasets. Our previous study proposed a method (MADLaP) to curate thyroid nodule datasets automatically. It was tested to have a 63% yield rate and 83% accuracy. However, the usefulness of the generated data for training deep learning models remains unknown. In this study, we conducted experiments to determine whether using an automatically-curated dataset improves deep learning algorithms' performance. The expert annotations of 378 patients either trained a model directly (803 images) or built MADLaP, which curated 5,228 images from 3,981 patients; the same network and training method were used throughout, and 10-model cross-validation ensembles were tested on 378 nodules from an earlier period. The model trained on the automatically-curated dataset had a significantly higher AUC than the model trained on the manually selected dataset (0.657 vs 0.607; difference 0.051, 95% CI: 0.020, 0.081; P =.001), an advantage seen in all 22 configuration pairs. On the same test set, this model was within the AUC range of four radiologists (0.63-0.66) and not significantly different from a benchmark trained on 1,278 expert-curated nodules (0.69; difference-0.036, 95% CI: -0.083, 0.011), whereas manually curated models fell significantly below it. The Stage-1 subset (86% accuracy) did not differ significantly from the full MADLaP dataset (difference 0.015, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.036). In conclusion, we showed that using an automatically-curated dataset can substantially increase the performance of deep learning algorithms.