Multilingual Medical Reasoning for Question Answering with Large Language Models

arXiv:2512.05658 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2025-12-05 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2025-12-05

Updated: 2026-09-01

Code: https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm

Terminology

• Trace — 124× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Reasoning Traces — 44× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 27× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 18× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Question Answering — 17× in this paper
• Benchmark — 11× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Knowledge Base — 11× in this paper
• In-Context Learning — 10× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Distillation — 9× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• RAG — 6× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 6× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Ablation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Knowledge Graph — 3× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 3× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) — 3× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Ablation study — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Data Augmentation — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Decision-Support Tool — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Grounding — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Test-time Scaling — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Cosine Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Cross-lingual Transfer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Downstream Tasks — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• In-Context Learning (ICL) — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Knowledge graphs — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Selection Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Semantic Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Structured Reasoning — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verifiability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Beyond Distillation: Pushing the Limits of Medical LLM Reasoning with Minimalist Rule-Based RL
• O1 Replication Journey -- Part 2: Surpassing O1-preview through Simple Distillation, Big Progress or Bitter Lesson?
• GPT-4o System Card
• OpenAI o1 System Card
• Multi-Step Reasoning with Large Language Models, a Survey
• O1 Replication Journey: A Strategic Progress Report -- Part 1
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report
• MedGemma Technical Report
• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• Disentangling Reasoning and Knowledge in Medical Large Language Models
• Medical Reasoning in the Era of LLMs: A Systematic Review of Enhancement Techniques and Applications
• Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Models
• MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphs
• Marco-o1: Towards Open Reasoning Models for Open-Ended Solutions
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• Scaling of Search and Learning: A Roadmap to Reproduce o1 from Reinforcement Learning Perspective

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