When Citations Mislead? A Claim-Level Benchmark for Legal Hallucination Detection

arXiv:2610.10971 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-10-07 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-10-07

Updated: 2026-10-07

Code: https://github.com/mmikaildemir/PARCEL

Project page: https://indigobook.github.io/versions/indigobook-2.0-rev2023-2.html

Terminology

• Hallucination — 46× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Verification — 28× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 27× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 26× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Hallucination Detection — 14× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Grounding — 9× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• RAG — 8× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• False Entailment Rate — 6× in this paper
• Failure Modes — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Benchmarking — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Natural Language Inference — 3× in this paper
• Verifier — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Core — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics — 2× in this paper
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation — 2× in this paper
• Abstraction — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Acceptance Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adversarial Examples — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Data Augmentation — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing — 1× in this paper
• Fidelity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• In-Context Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• In-Context Learning (ICL) — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Natural Language Inference (NLI) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Research in Natural Language Processing — 1× in this paper
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) — 1× in this paper · explained in 16 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Sycophancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Synthetic Data Generation — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes

Sources

• Bye-bye, Bluebook? Automating Legal Procedure with Large Language Models
• Hallucination-Free? Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Tools
• Towards Effective Extraction and Evaluation of Factual Claims
• Adaptive Chameleon or Stubborn Sloth: Revealing the Behavior of Large Language Models in Knowledge Conflicts
• Enhancing Health Fact-Checking with LLM-Generated Synthetic Data

Related papers

• Exploring Solution Divergence and Its Effect on Large Language Model Problem Solving
• Ishigaki-IDS-Bench: A Benchmark for Generating Information Delivery Specification from BIM Information Requirements
• Subliminal Steering: Stronger Encoding of Hidden Signals
• MedStruct-S: A Benchmark for Key Discovery, Key-Conditioned QA and Semi-Structured Extraction from OCR Clinical Reports
• The End of Transformers? On Challenging Attention and the Rise of Sub-Quadratic Architectures
• Untangling the Mechanisms of Misleading Context in Medical Question Answering