Stochastic Rounding in Low-Precision Transformer Inference: A Variable-Precision Emulation Study of a Small GPT-2

arXiv:2610.01889 · cs.LG, cs.CL · Submitted 2026-10-01 · Read on arXiv

cs.LG, cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-10-01

Updated: 2026-10-08

Code: https://github.com/big-data-lab-team/fuzzy-llm

Terminology

• Perplexity — 41× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Transformer — 31× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Quantization — 15× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Accuracy — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Monte Carlo Arithmetic — 4× in this paper
• Activation Function — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Fisher Information — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Calibration — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Embeddings — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstraction — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Additivity — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Decoupling — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Downstream Tasks — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Transformer Architecture — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Pretraining Large Language Models with NVFP4
• Fuzzy PyTorch: Rapid Numerical Variability Evaluation for Deep Learning Models
• Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)

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