Development of an EMT model of the Balearic power system

arXiv:2610.00034 · eess.SY, cs.SY · Submitted 2026-09-02 · Read on arXiv

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Introduction to the show: ident: Robotics Radio. Generated commentary on the latest robotics and control papers.

Rosa: Today's paper: "Development of an EMT model of the Balearic power system".

Dev: Detailed ElectroMagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation studies are necessary to analyze the stability of power systems like the Balearic Islands due to their high integration of inverter-based resources and reduced synchronous…

Rosa: First, who's behind it and why it matters.

Title and authors: Rosa: So we’re starting with the title and authors for this work. It's about creating an EMT model for the Balearic power system, which is a big step forward in understanding how these island grids will behave. The authors are a team from various places involved in power systems and research, which tells us this is going to be a collaborative effort with diverse expertise.

Dev: I see the authors have strong backgrounds in both electrical engineering and simulation; that suggests the model development itself will be very grounded in practical control loop thinking. I wonder if their experience translating RMS data into an EMT framework will translate well when we talk about real-time performance later.

Taro: From my angle, having researchers from different fields involved means they might see the system not just as electrical components but also as a complex dynamic system where uncertainty plays a huge role in its operation. I want to know if their model accounts for those kinds of unpredictable inputs well.

Rosa: Exactly, Taro, that’s the core of what we’re looking at here—how the model handles the complexity introduced by modern energy integration. The title tells us straight away this isn't just a simple load flow study; it's about capturing transient electrical behavior in a specific context.

Dev: And that context is crucial because, as we know, these islands are shifting towards inverter-based resources, so the model needs to be robust enough to handle those non-linear effects caused by the power electronics. I’m thinking about how they handled the integration of those different technologies into one cohesive simulation environment.

Taro: It’s interesting that they focused on a specific geographical area like the Balearic Islands, which is a good way to test model scalability before applying it to much larger systems across continents. It gives them a manageable scope while still hitting those critical stability issues we discussed earlier in the discussion about IBR integration.

Rosa: Right, so this paper is setting up a detailed sandbox for testing how these new renewable energy setups will interact with the existing infrastructure under various stress conditions. This preparation is what makes it so relevant right now as we look toward one hundred percent renewable targets.

The paper's summary: Dev: Now, let’s move into the actual summary of this paper, which outlines their approach to tackling the stability challenges posed by the Balearic Islands power system. Essentially, they are taking a system that’s becoming weaker due to less traditional generation and more inverter-based resources and building a detailed EMT model around it.

Rosa: They explain that with higher integration of IBRs and fewer synchronous generators, things like system strength and short circuit levels get weaker, making the whole grid more vulnerable to disturbances. The summary highlights how this necessitates detailed EMT studies because you need that high-fidelity modeling to see how the system reacts during sudden events.

Taro: It makes sense that they’d focus on short circuit levels; those are often where the most dramatic dynamic responses occur when faults happen in an island environment with less inherent inertia. I’m wondering if their summary touches upon how much lower the total inertia becomes in this specific island context compared to a traditional system.

Dev: Yes, they point out that the total inertia of the system drops significantly, which is a major dynamic challenge for control engineers like myself because it directly impacts how quickly frequency can stabilize after an imbalance. They also mention specific technology enablers they’re looking at, like VSC-HVDC links and Battery Energy Storage Systems.

Rosa: They lay out these key technologies—the two times two hundred MW VSC-HVDC link, Synchronous Compensators, and BESS—as the main tools planned to secure the energy transition in this specific power system scenario. It paints a clear picture of the necessary hardware upgrades needed for reliability.

Taro: So they’re not just modeling the problem; they’re modeling the solution space simultaneously by looking at these specific components as solutions to maintain security. That suggests their EMT model is designed to test the effectiveness of these new assets together, not in isolation.

Dev: Precisely, Taro; it seems they are building a comprehensive picture where all these new pieces—the HVDC link and the storage systems—are interacting dynamically within the simulation framework. This holistic view is what we need to see when we talk about real operational scenarios.

The paper's improvements: Rosa: Moving on, the paper discusses how they are improving this modeling process, which involves a systematic flow from an RMS environment to a full EMT framework. They detail a five-step workflow that starts with the RMS state and moves through data conversion to building the final model incorporating vendor-specific models and protection systems.

Dev: That systematic flow sounds like good engineering practice; converting existing steady-state data into a dynamic simulation framework is often where accuracy can be lost, so their focus on this data conversion step seems critical for keeping the EMT results tethered to reality. I’m interested in how they ensured that fidelity wasn't lost during that transition.

Taro: From an autonomy viewpoint, incorporating vendor-specific models like LCC and VSC-HVDC links means they are explicitly modeling the control logic of those devices rather than just treating them as abstract components, which is a huge step toward understanding real system response. I want to know if they model the failure modes of these specific converters well.

Rosa: They explicitly state that enhancing the model involves integrating these specific vendor models and system protection models to boost simulation accuracy compared to what might be achievable with simpler network models alone. They are trying to capture the nuanced, real-world behavior of those power electronics.

Dev: And that leads into a point I think is really important: they use a High-Performance Computer, employing parallelization techniques specifically to meet the computational demands of this large-scale model, which means they’re addressing efficiency right from the start. I need to know how much speedup those parallelization techniques actually provide in practice.

Taro: If they manage to run a two hundred and ninety-one bus model for both SC1 and SC2 scenarios efficiently, it opens up possibilities for testing much larger grid configurations that we can't simulate otherwise. It’s about making the complex feasible computationally.

Conclusion: Rosa: So, wrapping up this discussion on the "Development of an EMT model of the Balearic power system," this paper really lays out a solid foundation for how we can analyze stability when we have these highly integrated inverter-based resources and reduced synchronous generation. The implication is that detailed EMT modeling isn't just academic; it’s a necessary tool for secure energy transition planning in island grids.

Dev: I agree, Rosa; the conclusion emphasizes that this comprehensive model allows for deep understanding of system dynamics, which is exactly what we need when we’re designing control strategies for things like grid-forming capabilities in the VSC-HVDC links mentioned. We can't design robust controls if our simulation isn't reflecting the true transient behavior.

Taro: I think what stands out to me is their focus on testing different scenarios, SC1 and SC2, which shows they are trying to provide a framework that can handle the evolution of the system over time under different penetration levels. This suggests a path toward long-term stability analysis rather than just snapshot testing.

Rosa: It’s definitely about providing those detailed simulations so that future infrastructure planning can be done with much more confidence regarding the operational security of these renewable energy-heavy systems. We’re getting closer to seeing how this translates into real operational deployment scenarios.

Dev: And I'm hoping this work paves the way for integrating faster, lower-latency EMT simulation tools into real-time monitoring systems, which is where my world lives. That would allow us to monitor these dynamic behaviors with the speed required for actual grid operation.

Taro: I just think the long-term implication is that by having this kind of detailed model validated, we can start building autonomy frameworks that are aware of those specific system dynamics when deploying autonomous control agents onto the grid.

Rosa: That’s a powerful thought, Taro; it connects the physical modeling directly to the intelligent systems we’re developing. So that's our take on this paper for today.

Dev: It was a really solid look at how to bridge that gap between system physics and simulation capability.

Taro: Indeed, it provides a necessary blueprint for what detailed stability analysis needs to achieve in complex renewable grids.

MHI MHI UK Canada

eess.SY, cs.SY

Submitted: 2026-09-02

Updated: 2026-09-02

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Importance score: 77/100

The gist: Detailed ElectroMagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation studies are necessary to analyze the stability of power systems like the Balearic Islands due to their high integration of inverter-based resources

Key concepts

Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs): These are modern power sources, like solar and wind farms connected via inverters, that replace traditional spinning generators. Because they lack the physical inertia of old generators, their integration requires detailed EMT simulation to ensure system stability.
Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) Simulation: EMT simulations are high-detail computer models used to study very fast electrical events in a power grid. This is necessary for systems with many power electronics, like those with VSC links, to accurately predict how the system reacts during sudden disturbances.
Grid-Forming (GFM) Control: This is an advanced control strategy where the inverter actively creates and maintains the voltage and frequency of a local grid rather than just following a signal from an external source. The paper uses GFM on island converters to enable crucial functions like black-starting the island grid.
VSC-HVDC Link: This is a high-voltage direct current link using Voltage Source Converter technology to transfer large amounts of power, such as the 400MW link described. The model specifically tests its operation in both grid-following and grid-forming modes for flexible system analysis.

Terminology

VSC-HVDC — 32× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Synchronous Compensators — 6× in this paper
Accuracy — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Battery Energy Storage Systems — 4× in this paper
Trace — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Fidelity — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
High-Performance Computer — 3× in this paper
Parallel Network Interface — 3× in this paper
Core — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Voltage Source Converter — 2× in this paper
Distributed Energy Resources — 1× in this paper
Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
High Voltage Direct Current — 1× in this paper
National Electricity Market — 1× in this paper
Spanish Transmission System Operator — 1× in this paper

Summary

Detailed ElectroMagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation studies are necessary to analyze the stability of power systems like the Balearic Islands due to their high integration of inverter-based resources and reduced synchronous generation. This paper describes the implementation of a comprehensive EMT model for this system, which is crucial for assessing stability under future renewable energy integration scenarios.

The gist

This paper describes the implementation of an EMT model of the Balearic power system.

System Context and Challenges

The Balearic Islands are striving to achieve 100% renewable energy, which poses new challenges in operating the power system securely and reliably. With a higher integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and a reduced presence of conventional synchronous generators, the system strength, particularly short circuit levels, becomes weaker and more susceptible to disturbances; and the total inertia of the system becomes lower. The technology enablers planned for this energy transition include a new 2x200 MW VSC-HVDC link (bipole with metallic return), Synchronous Compensators (SC) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), as fully-integrated network components. Detailed EMT simulation studies are needed to analyze stability of the system, due to the high amounts of power-electronics devices in the system.

Methodology for Transitioning to EMT Framework

The process for converting the Balearic Island power system from an RMS environment to an EMT simulation framework involves a systematic flow of steps, as depicted in Figure 2. This workflow begins with:

Entire Power System (RMS Environment): The model is initially managed within the RMS environment, including the full electrical network and dynamic models.
Steady State Analysis (Load Flow): A steady-state analysis is conducted in the RMS environment to evaluate load flow, which forms the baseline for initialization and operating condition.
Data Conversion: This step employs tools such as a power system importer (PRSIM) and uses RMS data files ('.raw' and '.dyr' files) as input to facilitate the development of the EMT environment.
EMT Power Network Model: The system model is developed within the EMT environment using the converted data.
Inclusion of Vendor-Specific Models and System Protection Models: The model is enhanced by integrating vendor-specific models, such as LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC links, solar PV, DERs, BESS, and Synchronous Condensers. Comprehensive system protection models are also incorporated to enhance simulation accuracy to real-world behavior.

Development of the Large-Scale EMT Model

The wide-area EMT model comprehensively represents the dynamic behavior of the Balearic Islands power system for two scenarios: SC1 (H2026) with 291 buses and SC2 (H2030) with 298 buses. The network is segmented into three zones—Menorca, Mallorca, and Ibiza & Formentera—each represented as a separate project case of the EMT tool, interconnected through the Parallel Network Interface (PNI). The model incorporates:

: Network Representation: A detailed model of the Balearic electrical system's network. 2. Synchronous Machine: Custom models for synchronous machines developed and validated against the RMS environment. 3. VSC-HVDC Link: The VSC-HVDC link capable of grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM) modes at specific converter stations. 4. LCC-HVDC Link: A model based on proprietary vendor-specific data. 5.

The computational demands are met by employing a High-Performance Computer (HPC), which enables the completion of a 10-second EMT simulation in approximately 10 minutes, utilizing parallelization techniques for efficiency.

VSC-HVDC Link Modeling and Control Strategy

A new HVDC link based on VSC technology connects the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, capable of transferring 400MW at a DC voltage of ±250 kV over an approximate length of 363km. The model implemented in the EMT tool includes both grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) control modes at the Mallorca converter station, allowing for flexible analysis. The Island pole converters are expected to operate in grid-forming mode (GFM control) to be able to black-start the Balearic Island grid. Key functions included in the island terminal's grid-forming controls are:

**: Frequency droop and inertia emulation, to coordinate active power sharing. 2. AC voltage control with reactive power droop, to coordinate reactive power sharing. In case of power deficiency (or surplus) in the island network, the VSC HVDC link automatically imports power from (or exports power to) the mainland system. A synchronization scheme is implemented in both Island poles to allow each converter to be synchronized with the common AC bus.

Improvements for AI systems

Based on the provided scientific paper, here are specific improvements for AI systems and what those improved systems could achieve:

Improvement in Power System Stability Prediction (EMT Model Accuracy):
Improvement in Dynamic Control Strategy Optimization (Grid-Forming vs. Grid-Following):
Improvement in Large-Scale Network Simulation Efficiency (Parallelization Techniques):
Improvement in Long-Term Infrastructure Planning Under Uncertainty:

AI System Improvement: High-Fidelity, Real-Time EMT Stability Predictor
What the Improved AI System Can Do:
Real-time assessment of stability margins for power systems heavily integrated with Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) (like solar and wind). The system can ingest current operational data (load, generation setpoints, renewable forecasts) and instantaneously run complex electromagnetic transient simulations to predict potential instability events (e.g., voltage collapse, oscillations) caused by rapid changes or faults. This allows grid operators to preemptively adjust controls or shed load before a physical instability occurs.
AI System Improvement: Adaptive Control Policy Generator for VSC-HVDC Links
What the Improved AI System Can Do:
Optimize the operational modes (Grid-Following vs. Grid-Forming) of power electronic converters (like the VSC-HVDC link) in real-time based on system state and predicted disturbances. The AI would learn from historical fault data and transient responses to select the optimal control mode that maximizes system reliability, minimizes reactive power fluctuations, or ensures successful black start capabilities under specific island conditions.
AI System Improvement: Automated Network Decomposition and Parallelization Engine
What the Improved AI System Can Do:
Efficiently manage the computational load of large-scale EMT simulations by automatically applying network splitting strategies (as mentioned in Section 2) and parallelization techniques across High-Performance Computing (HPC) clusters. This ensures that complex, multi-zone models (like the three zones of the Balearic Islands) can be simulated much faster, allowing for rapid scenario testing required during system planning or emergency response.
AI System Improvement: Uncertainty-Aware Infrastructure Planning Assistant
What the Improved AI System Can Do:
Develop robust long-term infrastructure plans (H2026/H2030) by integrating uncertainty modeling directly into the EMT framework. The AI can systematically test thousands of future network topologies, technology upgrades (e.g., different VSC specifications), and renewable penetration levels to identify configurations that remain stable across a wide range of uncertain operational scenarios, mitigating risks associated with future technological evolution and planning errors.

Abstract

The Balearic Islands are striving to achieve 100% renewable energy, which poses new challenges in operating the power system securely and reliably. With a higher integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and a reduced presence of conventional synchronous generators, the system strength, particularly short circuit levels, becomes weaker and more susceptible to disturbances; and the total inertia of the system becomes lower. Technology enablers are planned to achieve energy transition in the Balearic power system: a new 2x200 MW VSC-HVDC link (bipole with metallic return), Synchronous Compensators (SC) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), as fully-integrated network components. Detailed ElectroMagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation studies may be needed to analyse stability of the system, due to the high amounts of power-electronics devices in the system. This paper describes the implementation of an EMT model of the Balearic power system.