Gender bias across LLMs is common and highly heterogeneous

arXiv:2609.38036 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.CY, cs.HC · Submitted 2026-09-29 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.CY, cs.HC

Submitted: 2026-09-29

Updated: 2026-09-30

Terminology

• Pairwise Comparisons — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 3× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Actor — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Sex and Gender Equity in Research — 2× in this paper
• Decision-Support Tool — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Systematic Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes

Sources

• AI advice suppresses people's willingness to say "I don't know", even when the advice is wrong and accuracy is incentivized
• GenderBench: Evaluation Suite for Gender Biases in LLMs
• The Political Preferences of LLMs
• Large Language Model Safety: A Holistic Survey
• Harsher on Male? Evaluating LLMs on Gender-Asymmetric Moral Framing Across Diverse Conflict Scenarios

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