Reader Proficiency Shapes Layer-wise Surprisal Profiles

arXiv:2609.37688 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-29 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-29

Updated: 2026-09-29

Code: https://github.com/ahaya3776/proficiency_surprisal

Terminology

• Generalization — 2× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cognitive Load — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalizability — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• 2 OLMo 2 Furious
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report

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