Beyond Semantic Narrowing: Robust and Efficient LLM Watermarking with Hamming Neighborhoods

arXiv:2609.37218 · cs.CR, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-29 · Read on arXiv

cs.CR, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-29

Updated: 2026-09-29

Terminology

• Robustness — 18× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Verification — 10× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Calibration — 7× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fidelity — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Semantic Similarity — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• AUC — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Clustering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hamming Distance — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Provenance — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Quantization — 2× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Ablation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Ablation study — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Perplexity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Selection Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Steering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Theoretical Guarantees — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transfer Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Verifier — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Open Technical Problems in Open-Weight AI Model Risk Management
• Distilling the Thought, Watermarking the Answer: A Principle Semantic Guided Watermark for Large Reasoning Models
• WaterMoE: Expert-Routing-based Watermarking for High Fidelity and Efficiency
• DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence
• Copyright Protection for Large Language Models: A Survey of Methods, Challenges, and Trends
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report
• CoheMark: A Novel Sentence-Level Watermark for Enhanced Text Quality

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