Population Fidelity: Evaluating Population Representativeness in LLMs

arXiv:2609.36253 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.CY · Submitted 2026-09-28 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.CY

Submitted: 2026-09-28

Updated: 2026-09-28

Code: https://github.com/CriticalMaking/LLM-population-fidelity

Terminology

• Fidelity — 104× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 89× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Fine-Tuning — 75× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 62× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptability — 56× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Population Fidelity Score — 17× in this paper
• Adaptation — 11× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Quantization — 6× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Robustness — 4× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Aggregation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alignment Methods — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Generative AI — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• World Values Survey — 3× in this paper
• Distribution Matching — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Homogenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Steering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Tokenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Qwen3-VL Technical Report
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
• AI-Augmented Surveys: Leveraging Large Language Models and Surveys for Opinion Prediction
• FairFund-Bench: Evaluating Distributive Bias in LLM Resource Allocation
• Gemma 4 Technical Report
• People Are Not Just Their Countries. Disentangling Social Determinants of LLM Value Alignment Across Europe

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