Concept Direction Reliability Across Languages with Different Tokenizer Fertility

arXiv:2609.36194 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-28 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-28

Updated: 2026-09-28

Code: https://github.com/mohdasaid/provenance-repe

Terminology

• Accuracy — 22× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Cosine Similarity — 8× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Empirical Coverage — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Provenance — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Steering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cross-lingual Transfer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Linear probe — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Regularization — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Representation Engineering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Tokenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes
• Gemma 4 Technical Report
• No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation
• Steering Language Models With Activation Engineering
• Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency

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