Diverse Metallicities in Protoclusters at z about 3.4 detected by Deep Learning

arXiv:2609.35471 · astro-ph.GA · Submitted 2026-09-28 · Read on arXiv

astro-ph.GA

Submitted: 2026-09-28

Updated: 2026-09-28

Code: https://github.com/YoshihiroTakeda/PCFNet

Project page: https://erdogant.github.io/findpeaks

Terminology

• Metallicity — 70× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• AGN — 10× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Aperture — 9× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Calibration — 7× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Core — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Dust Attenuation — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hyper Suprime-Cam — 2× in this paper
• James Webb Space Telescope — 2× in this paper
• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science — 2× in this paper
• Population Synthesis — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Trace — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abundance — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Active Galactic Nuclei — 1× in this paper
• Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Cooperation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Diagnostic Tools — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• National Astronomical Observatory of Japan — 1× in this paper
• Selection Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Star Formation Rate (SFR) — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Voronoi Tessellation Monte Carlo — 1× in this paper

Sources

• SAPPHIRES: A Galaxy Over-Density in the Heart of Cosmic Reionization at $z=8.47$
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• The 2025 Release of Cloudy
• EPOCHS Paper X: Environmental effects on Galaxy Formation and Protocluster Galaxy candidates at $4.5<z<10$ from JWST observations
• Insights on Metal Enrichment and Environmental Effect at $z\approx5-7$ with JWST ASPIRE/EIGER and Chemical Evolution Model
• The FLAMINGO simulation view of cluster progenitors observed in the epoch of reionization with JWST
• Metallicity Scatter Originating from Sub-kiloparsec Starbursting Clumps in the Core of a Protocluster at z=7.88
• The Role of Large-Scale Environment in Shaping the Stellar Mass-Gas Metallicity Relation Across Time
• The AURORA Survey: High-Redshift Empirical Metallicity Calibrations from Electron Temperature Measurements at z=2-10
• Metal enrichment of galaxies in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z \sim 3$
• MAMMOTH-MOSFIRE: Environmental Effects on Galaxy Interstellar Medium at $z\sim2$

Related papers

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• MEGATRON: how the first stars can create an iron metallicity plateau in the smallest dwarf galaxies