Toward a Graded Measure of Belief Stability in Large Language Models

arXiv:2609.34158 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-28 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-28

Updated: 2026-09-28

Code: https://github.com/samanthadies/graded_

Terminology

• Calibration — 53× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Robustness — 13× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 10× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Regularization — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Epistemic Uncertainty — 2× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Intrinsic Dimension — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Linear probe — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Mechanistic interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Support Vector Machine — 1× in this paper
• Sycophancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Uncertainty Quantification — 1× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes

Sources

• A Review on Language Models as Knowledge Bases
• Epistemic Familiarity is Associated With Belief Stability in Large Language Models
• Language Models Encode the Contextual Truth of Propositions
• Robust for the Wrong Reasons: The Representational Geometry of LLM Robustness to Science Skepticism
• The Truthfulness Spectrum Hypothesis
• Partition, Prompt, Aggregate: Statistical Self-Consistency in Language Models
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Mistral 7B
• Qwen2 Technical Report

Related papers

• Exploring Solution Divergence and Its Effect on Large Language Model Problem Solving
• Ishigaki-IDS-Bench: A Benchmark for Generating Information Delivery Specification from BIM Information Requirements
• Subliminal Steering: Stronger Encoding of Hidden Signals
• MedStruct-S: A Benchmark for Key Discovery, Key-Conditioned QA and Semi-Structured Extraction from OCR Clinical Reports
• The End of Transformers? On Challenging Attention and the Rise of Sub-Quadratic Architectures
• Untangling the Mechanisms of Misleading Context in Medical Question Answering