Population Physics, Population Problems: Safety and Emergence in LLM Societies

arXiv:2609.33871 · cs.MA, cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-27 · Read on arXiv

cs.MA, cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-27

Updated: 2026-09-27

Code: https://github.com/openai/evals

Terminology

• Sparsity — 10× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Cooperation — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Phase Transitions — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstraction — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Ablation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Agentic System — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• AI Agents — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Multi-Agent System — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Action Space — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adversarial scenarios — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Multi-agent Collaboration — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Positional Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Reward Hacking — 1× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes

Sources

• AgentVerse: Facilitating Multi-Agent Collaboration and Exploring Emergent Behaviors
• What Do AI Agents Talk About? Discourse and Architectural Constraints in the First AI-Only Social Network
• When Autonomy Goes Rogue: Preparing for Risks of Multi-Agent Collusion in Social Systems
• If LLMs Have Human-Like Attributes, Then So Does Age of Empires II
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• Form Without Function: Agent Social Behavior in the Moltbook Network

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