FOCUS: Benchmarking Retinal Model Generalization from Foundation Vision Encoders to Multimodal LLMs

arXiv:2609.33158 · cs.CV, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-27 · Read on arXiv

cs.CV, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-27

Updated: 2026-09-27

Terminology

• Calibration — 54× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmark — 44× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Linear Probing — 26× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 26× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Diabetic Retinopathy — 25× in this paper
• Fine-Tuning — 20× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 19× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 17× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Foundation Model — 13× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 10× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Models — 8× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmarking — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalization — 4× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Linear probe — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Commentary — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• LoRA Adapters — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Failure Modes — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generative Model — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative Models — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Downstream Tasks — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• General Vision Encoder Model — 1× in this paper
• Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• LoRA Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) — 1× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Quantization — 1× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Semantic Understanding — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Supervised Fine Tuning — 1× in this paper
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Unified Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Vision-Language Models (VLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• alpha — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode

Sources

• Qwen3-VL Technical Report
• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision
• VisionFM: a Multi-Modal Multi-Task Vision Foundation Model for Generalist Ophthalmic Artificial Intelligence
• MedGemma Technical Report
• MedGemma 1.5 Technical Report
• DINOv3
• SigLIP 2: Multilingual Vision-Language Encoders with Improved Semantic Understanding, Localization, and Dense Features

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