Beyond Accuracy: Counterfactual Fragility and Demographic Bias in Clinical Evaluation of LLMs

arXiv:2609.32807 · cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-26 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-26

Updated: 2026-09-26

Terminology

Accuracy — 30× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Benchmark — 15× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Robustness — 13× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Failure Modes — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Embeddings — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Calibration — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
Foundation Model — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Foundation Models — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Causal Reasoning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Cosine Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Evaluation Dimensions — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Failure Taxonomy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Prompt Engineering — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Verifier — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

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