Global Spline Fit: A unified data-driven view of the cosmic-ray spectrum and mass composition from GeV to the highest energies

arXiv:2609.32649 · astro-ph.HE · Submitted 2026-09-26 · Read on arXiv

astro-ph.HE

Submitted: 2026-09-26

Updated: 2026-09-26

Terminology

• Abundance — 10× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Global Spline Fit — 8× in this paper
• alpha — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer — 6× in this paper
• Calibration — 4× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Anti-correlation — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Supplemental Material — 2× in this paper
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Systematic Bias — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes

Sources

• The origin of Galactic cosmic rays: challenges to the standard paradigm
• On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays
• Spectrum of cosmic-ray nucleons and the atmospheric muon charge ratio
• Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum from Measurements of Air Showers
• Flux of Atmospheric Neutrinos
• Three component model of cosmic ray spectra from 10 GeV to 100 PeV
• Precise measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum and $\left \langle \ln A \right \rangle$ by LHAASO -- connecting the Galactic to the extragalactic components
• The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems
• Letter of Intent for KM3NeT 2.0
• Neutrino Telescope in Lake Baikal: Present and Nearest Future
• The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment
• A multi-cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope in the western Pacific Ocean
• The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
• Precise Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Helium Spectrum above 0.1 PeV
• Towards the Composition of sub-PeV Cosmic Rays at IceCube
• Constraining the Prompt Atmospheric Neutrino Flux Combining IceCube's Cascade and Track Samples
• Data-driven model of the cosmic-ray flux and mass composition from 10 GeV to $10^{11}$ GeV
• News from Cosmic Ray Air Showers (ICRC 2019 -- Cosmic Ray Indirect Rapport)
• Precision spectral measurements of Chromium and Titanium from 10 to 250 GeV$/n$ and sub-Iron to Iron ratio with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the ISS
• Neutron monitors and muon detectors for solar modulation studies: 2. $\phi$ time series

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