Beyond Prompt or Skill? Attribution-Guided Optimization of Modular LLM Programs

arXiv:2609.32492 · cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-26 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-26

Updated: 2026-09-26

Terminology

• Benchmark — 11× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Procedural Knowledge — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Ablation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Agent Skills — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Reinforcement Learning — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Trace — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Ablation study — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Action Space — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Credit assignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Iterative Refinement — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Modularity — 1× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Sparsity — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Unified Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes

Sources

• SearchQA: A New Q&A Dataset Augmented with Context from a Search Engine
• DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelines
• SkillGen: Verified Inference-Time Agent Skill Synthesis
• Trace2Skill: Distill Trajectory-Local Lessons into Transferable Agent Skills
• Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
• Gemma 4 Technical Report
• Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models
• InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills
• MiniCPM-V 4.5: Cooking Efficient MLLMs via Architecture, Data, and Training Recipe
• TextGrad: Automatic "Differentiation" via Text
• Group of Skills: Group-Structured Skill Retrieval for Agent Skill Libraries
• SIGMA: Skill-Incidence Graphs for Compositional Multi-Agent Design

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