SPO: Discovering Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Operators via Stackelberg Program Optimization

arXiv:2609.31179 · cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-25 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-25

Updated: 2026-09-25

Terminology

• Stackelberg Program Optimization — 28× in this paper
• Adaptation — 13× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 12× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• GRPO — 9× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Credit assignment — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Ablation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Combinatorial Optimization — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Farthest Insertion — 2× in this paper
• Group Relative Policy Optimization — 2× in this paper
• Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• LoRA Adapters — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Nearest Neighbor — 2× in this paper
• Ablation study — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Actor — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• AdamW Optimizer — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptive Mechanism — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Contrastive Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Deep Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Regret — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Regularization — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transferability — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes

Sources

• Dynamic Partial Removal: A Neural Network Heuristic for Large Neighborhood Search
• Large Neighborhood Search based on Neural Construction Heuristics
• VRPAgent: LLM-Driven Discovery of Heuristic Operators for Vehicle Routing Problems
• LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
• SpecAHD: Localize to Specialize for Automated Heuristic Design in Large-Scale Routing Problems
• Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization
• DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models
• Learning a Large Neighborhood Search Algorithm for Mixed Integer Programs
• Large Language Model-Driven Full-Component Evolution of Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search
• New Adaptive Mechanism for Large Neighborhood Search using Dual Actor-Critic
• G-LNS: Generative Large Neighborhood Search for LLM-Based Automatic Heuristic Design

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