Feeding BabyLMs Macaroni: Code-Switching Curricula Cause Cross-Lingual Convergence

arXiv:2609.30535 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-24 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-24

Updated: 2026-09-24

Code: https://github.com/drooryck/multilingual-macaroni

Terminology

• Alignment — 34× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 9× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 9× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 5× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Data Augmentation — 4× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Cross-lingual Transfer — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adaptability — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Data Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Few-Shot Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Pairwise Comparisons — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Scaling Laws — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transfer Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Beyond Bilingual Transfer: Multilingual Code-Switching in Instruction Tuning
• Global PIQA: Evaluating Commonsense Reasoning Across 100+ Languages and Cultures
• BabyLM Turns 4 and Goes Multilingual: Call for Papers for the 2026 BabyLM Workshop
• Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge
• DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence
• Efficient Multilingual Reasoning Transfer via Progressive Code-Switching
• Bringing Up a Bilingual BabyLM: Investigating Multilingual Language Acquisition Using Small-Scale Models

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