Encoded but Not Decoded: Layer-Localized Evidence for a Three-Level Gap in LLM Syntax

arXiv:2609.29848 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-24 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-24

Updated: 2026-09-24

Code: https://github.com/camel-luv/encodedbut-not-decoded

Terminology

Accuracy — 36× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Instruction Tuning — 22× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Benchmark — 17× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Steering — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Activation Patching — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Linear probe — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Transformer — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Ablation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Abstraction — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Embeddings — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Robustness — 3× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Universal Dependencies — 3× in this paper
Adam — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Cross-lingual Transfer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Decode — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Fine-Tuning — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Tokenization — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Calibration — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Elias — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
In-Context Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Speculative Decoding — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Terminology

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