StepCOPS: Closed-Testing Lower-Tail Certificates for Language-Model Policy Selection

arXiv:2609.29549 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-08-26 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-08-26

Updated: 2026-08-26

Terminology

• Calibration — 61× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmark — 30× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstention — 18× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Regret — 14× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 9× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Ablation — 8× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alignment — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Association for Computational Linguistics — 5× in this paper
• Post-Selection — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• AUROC — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Contextual Bandits — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Grounding — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Q-learning — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Abstraction — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Action Space — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Deep Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Distribution Shift — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• EMMA — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Empirical Coverage — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Fitted Distributional Evaluation — 1× in this paper
• LLM judge — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transferability — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes

Sources

• Learn then Test: Calibrating Predictive Algorithms to Achieve Risk Control
• OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models
• D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learning
• Hyperparameter Selection for Offline Reinforcement Learning
• Measuring short-form factuality in large language models
• Long-form factuality in large language models

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