Neither Silence nor Overlap Is Failure: Intent-Conditioned Evaluation of Turn-Taking in Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Models

arXiv:2609.27372 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.HC, cs.SD · Submitted 2026-09-23 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.HC, cs.SD

Submitted: 2026-09-23

Updated: 2026-09-23

Code: https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM-o

Terminology

• Benchmark — 11× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 4× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Calibration — 4× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Voice Activity Projection — 4× in this paper
• Ablation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing — 3× in this paper
• LLM judge — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstention — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Foundation Model — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• International Conference on Machine Learning — 2× in this paper
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics — 1× in this paper
• Multimodal Dataset — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pragmatics — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Self-Supervised Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Theory-ofmind Aware Conversational Timing — 1× in this paper
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue
• Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report
• GPT-4o System Card
• VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistants
• Full-Duplex-Bench-v2: A Multi-Turn Evaluation Framework for Duplex Dialogue Systems with an Automated Examiner
• Full-Duplex-Bench-v3: Benchmarking Tool Use for Full-Duplex Voice Agents Under Real-World Disfluency
• Seamless Interaction: Dyadic Audiovisual Motion Modeling and Large-Scale Dataset

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