Small-world Networks of Agents Brainstorm AI Risks to Support Ideation

The ideation phase of participatory AI risk assessment often starts with a blank slate or a limited list of predefined risks, making it difficult to surface indirect or systemic harms. To address this limitation, we propose a three-stage ideation support tool. The tool complements participatory AI, rather than replacing it, and helps focus later engagement with affected communities. First, it dynamically discovers stakeholders depending on the given AI use and recursively expanding outward, allowing overlooked or indirect stakeholders to emerge. Second, it simulates these stakeholders with LLMs, connecting them into a network of a given topology, and having them ideate about risks. Third, it prioritizes risks using network centrality measures. In an initial evaluation, we found that betweenness centrality run through agents connected in a small-world network works best as it elevates risks raised by stakeholders who bridge disconnected groups, surfacing novel, systemic harms that traditional methods often miss. On an AI chatbot companion use case, this approach increased the novelty of the identified risks by approximately 1.1 points over single LLM brainstorming, and by 0.5 points over agentic LLM brainstorming, measured on a normalized five-point Likert scale, without reducing the plausibility or severity of the identified risks. To test whether our framework helps a human-led ideation session using the Futures Wheel approach, we divided 11 teams of non-western young chatbot users into two types: control (team) and treatment (team) in a participatory AI risk assessment. The control teams started from a list of risks generated by the 45 AI practitioners in the initial evaluation; the treatment teams started from a list generated by our framework. The treatment teams identified more risks overall, and more systemic, human-computer interaction, and environmental risks.