LATED: Ly alpha-anchored photometric selection of candidate metal-free and extremely metal-poor star formation from the end of reionisation to cosmic noon

arXiv:2609.24588 · astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, astro-ph.SR · Submitted 2026-09-21 · Read on arXiv

astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, astro-ph.SR

Submitted: 2026-09-21

Updated: 2026-09-21

Comments: 40 pages, 22 figures, 3 tables; comments are welcome; selection criteria and LATED Explorer are available on https://lated.pop3star.com

Code: https://github.com/lmytime/latedhttps:

Project page: https://lated.pop3star.com

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The gist: Cosmological simulations allow a low-level tail of Population III (Pop III) star formation to persist to z=2-6.

Terminology

Abstract

Cosmological simulations allow a low-level tail of Population III (Pop III) star formation to persist to z=2-6. Spectroscopic confirmation is expensive, so an efficient photometric pre-selection is needed. We present LATED (Lyman-Alpha Tomography of Extremely Metal-poor Domains), which selects metal-free and extremely metal-poor candidates from a Ly α-emitter parent sample using strong-line diagnostics. The method requires three bands and two colours, x=m OIII-m H α and y=m H α-m cont, which trace oxygen abundance and the H α equivalent width, respectively. Requiring that the filters simultaneously contain [O III]+H β and H α, together with a Ly α parent selection, defines five windows spanning z=1.92-6.60 (four JWST/NIRCam, one Roman/WFI). The criteria, x at least x min(z) and y at most y max(z), are set by the per-redshift extrema of a forward-modelled Pop III template locus. Ordinary metal-enriched star-forming and AGN templates fall outside the selection region, and possible contaminants such as little red dots are flagged by their multi-band colours. To check contamination empirically, we apply LATED to 1126 JADES spectroscopic galaxies, and no source is selected in the four NIRCam windows. We release a Python package which converts the same photometry into R3=[O III]/H β as a measurement or upper limit, reproducing JADES spectroscopy with small 0.12 dex scatter. Applied to 85 archival MUSE Ly α emitters in Abell 2744, LATED recovers the confirmed extremely metal-poor galaxy AMORE6 and reveals three new candidates at z=3-5. Photometry alone cannot establish a metal-free nature. LATED delivers prioritised candidates for spectroscopic follow-up, providing a scalable route toward a systematic census of late-time Pop III star formation.

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