When and Why Do Linear Bias Probes Fail? A Geometric and Statistical Theory of Bias Detectability in Large Language Model Representations

arXiv:2609.22337 · stat.ML, cs.LG · Submitted 2026-07-21 · Read on arXiv

stat.ML, cs.LG

Submitted: 2026-07-21

Updated: 2026-07-21

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• AUC — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Linear Probing — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

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