Embedding Models Measure in Peculiar Ways

arXiv:2609.20821 · cs.CL, cs.LG · Submitted 2026-09-17 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.LG

Submitted: 2026-09-17

Updated: 2026-10-08

Code: https://github.com/flipz357/embed-andmeasure

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Cosine Similarity — 99× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Embeddings — 26× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 19× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Transformer — 10× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Distillation — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Semantic Similarity — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Knowledge Distillation — 3× in this paper · explained in 11 episodes
• Clustering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Linear probe — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Agentic System — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Contrastive Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Tokenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Granite Embedding R2 Models
• Granite Embedding Multilingual R2 Models
• ALEE: Any-Language Evaluation of Embeddings via English-Centric Minimal Pairs
• EmbeddingGemma: Powerful and Lightweight Text Representations
• Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training
• Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report
• DenseOn with the LateOn: Fully Open Dense and Late-Interaction Models for Multilingual, Long-Context, and Code Search
• Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Models

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