An Analysis of Training-Free Self-Reported Confidence in Language Models

arXiv:2609.20541 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-17 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-17

Updated: 2026-09-17

Comments: workshop

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Calibration — 18× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmark — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Verification — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Reinforcement Learning — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Hallucination — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Self-consistency — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Multi-agent Collaborative Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Uncertainty Quantification — 1× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes

Sources

• MATP-BENCH: Can MLLM Be a Good Automated Theorem Prover for Multimodal Problems?
• RebuttalAgent: Strategic Persuasion in Academic Rebuttal via Theory of Mind
• On Stable Long-Form Generation: Benchmarking and Mitigating Length Volatility
• Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know
• ORCE: Order-Aware Alignment of Verbalized Confidence in Large Language Models
• Self-Evaluation Improves Selective Generation in Large Language Models
• ADVICE: Answer-Dependent Verbalized Confidence Estimation
• On Verbalized Confidence Scores for LLMs
• LoVeC: Reinforcement Learning for Better Verbalized Confidence in Long-Form Generations

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