Follow-up of SN 2025wny VI: The Rate and Detectable Population of Strongly Lensed SLSNe-I in ZTF
astro-ph.CO
Submitted: 2026-09-16
Updated: 2026-09-16
Comments: Submitted to the ApJ Focus Issue on SN 2025wny (Paper VI)
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The gist: The Type I superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) SN 2025wny, multiply imaged by two foreground galaxies at z l = 0.375, is the first confirmed strongly lensed SLSN and the highest-redshift (z s = 2.015)
Terminology
Abstract
The Type I superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) SN 2025wny, multiply imaged by two foreground galaxies at z l = 0.375, is the first confirmed strongly lensed SLSN and the highest-redshift (z s = 2.015) multiply imaged supernova in a galaxy-scale configuration. We ask whether one discovery in seven years of Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) operations is consistent with expectations, and whether SN 2025wny is typical of the detectable population. We develop a forward simulation of strongly lensed SLSNe-I in ZTF, combining an empirically calibrated volumetric rate and luminosity function with a galaxy-scale deflector population, unresolved lensed light curves, and the actual ZTF observing history. We predict 0.037+0.022-0.020, yr-1, consistent with the rate of 0.14+0.31-0.11, yr-1 inferred from a single discovery in seven years of ZTF operations. Conditioning the simulation on discovery by ZTF corrects the magnifications and intrinsic luminosity of SN 2025wny for Malmquist- and magnification biases: the debiased peak bolometric luminosity, 10(L bol,int/ erg,s-1) = 44.60+0.05-0.10, places it at the about 97th percentile of the assumed SLSNe-I luminosity function. SN 2025wny is typical of the detectable population in redshift, luminosity, and magnification, but its 4.9'' image separation exceeds single-galaxy deflector expectations, implying our rates are conservative for wide-separation systems.
Sources
- A spectroscopically confirmed, strongly lensed, metal-poor Type II supernova at z = 5.13
- Detectability and Characterisation of Strongly Lensed Supernova Lightcurves in the Zwicky Transient Facility
- SN 2022riv in RX J2129: Discovery, Spectroscopic Classification, and Microlensing of a Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernova from JWST and HST Observations
- Follow-up of SN 2025wny I: Space-based Observations of the First Multiply-imaged Superluminous Supernova
- Follow-up of SN 2025wny III: Spectroscopic Time-delay Measurements of a Strongly Gravitationally Lensed Superluminous Supernova
- Follow-up of SN 2025wny II: Superluminous Supernova Physics at Cosmic Noon
- Follow-up of SN 2025wny V: Lens Modelling and Cosmography of a Strongly Lensed Superluminous Supernova at z = 2.015 using Space Data
- skysurvey: a pure python package to simulate the transient sky
- Follow-up of SN 2025wny IV: Photometric Time-delay Measurements of a Strongly Lensed Superluminous Supernova
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