From a River in Gilead to the Inference Distributions of Large Language Models: Covert Dialect Bias and Linguistic Profiling at Scale

arXiv:2609.18068 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-16 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-16

Updated: 2026-09-16

Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to the 9th AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES 2026)

Code: https://github.com/intricate-potato/dialect-prejudiceof-llms

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

Alignment — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Perplexity — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Standard American English — 5× in this paper
Nigerian Pidgin — 4× in this paper
African American Vernacular English — 3× in this paper
Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Large Language Models (LLMs) — 3× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
Accuracy — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Agentic System — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Alignment Techniques — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Nigerian Standard English — 2× in this paper
Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Activation Steering — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Agentic AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Downstream Tasks — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Evaluation Dimensions — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Generative Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Generative Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Model-Agnostic — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Steering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

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