Analyzing Multi-Factor Authentication Through Cryptographic Security Properties

Modern authentication systems use cybersecurity techniques to validate the identity of the person (or applications acting on behalf of the person) as a primary defense against unauthorized access. While initially built around single mechanisms such as usernames/passwords, physical tokens, or biometrics, current systems have evolved into multi-factor authentication (MFA) platforms that combine multiple mechanisms. Among them, several focus on strategies that prevent replay attacks (i.e. the reuse of a component that could have been potentially compromised).