Artificial intelligence and biosecurity: capabilities, threat pathways, and defense-in-depth governance

arXiv:2609.16213 · cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-14 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-14

Updated: 2026-09-14

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Benchmark — 19× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Model — 18× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Verification — 18× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Models — 16× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 15× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Actor — 11× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Alignment — 10× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Interpretability — 10× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Provenance — 7× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Robustness — 5× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accuracy — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Agentic System — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Scaffolding — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Alignment Techniques — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Generative Model — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Aggregation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Data Provenance — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative Models — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• AI Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Activation Patching — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adversarial Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Closed-Loop System — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Decode — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Diagnostic Tools — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Explainability — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fidelity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Latent Representation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Latent Representations — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Linear Probing — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) — 1× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Machine Unlearning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Mechanistic interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Multi-Agent System — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Pruning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Task Decomposition — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Weapons of Mass Destruction Proxy — 1× in this paper

Sources

• Open-weight genome language model safeguards: Assessing robustness via adversarial fine-tuning
• De novo design of high-affinity protein binders with AlphaProteo

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