Enabling Streaming User Transcription in Full-Duplex Speech-to-Speech Models

arXiv:2609.15759 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-14 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-14

Updated: 2026-09-14

Code: https://github.com/snakers4/silero-vad

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Alignment — 9× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Embeddings — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Foundation Model — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) — 2× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Ablation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Attention Mechanism — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Contextual Understanding — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Distillation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• In-Context Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Multimodal Inputs — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pruning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Pseudo-labeling — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Representation Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Semi-supervised Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• GPT-4o System Card
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models
• DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
• MiniMax-01: Scaling Foundation Models with Lightning Attention
• Compact Language Models via Pruning and Knowledge Distillation
• NVIDIA Nemotron Nano 2: An Accurate and Efficient Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Reasoning Model
• Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
• Qwen3-Omni Technical Report
• Qwen3-ASR Technical Report
• Recent Advances in Speech Language Models: A Survey
• Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLM
• GLM-4-Voice: Towards Intelligent and Human-Like End-to-End Spoken Chatbot
• SpeechGPT: Empowering Large Language Models with Intrinsic Cross-Modal Conversational Abilities
• Paralinguistics-Aware Speech-Empowered Large Language Models for Natural Conversation
• Mini-Omni2: Towards Open-source GPT-4o with Vision, Speech and Duplex Capabilities
• IntrinsicVoice: Empowering LLMs with Intrinsic Real-time Voice Interaction Abilities
• LLaMA-Omni: Seamless Speech Interaction with Large Language Models

Related papers

• Exploring Solution Divergence and Its Effect on Large Language Model Problem Solving
• Ishigaki-IDS-Bench: A Benchmark for Generating Information Delivery Specification from BIM Information Requirements
• Subliminal Steering: Stronger Encoding of Hidden Signals
• MedStruct-S: A Benchmark for Key Discovery, Key-Conditioned QA and Semi-Structured Extraction from OCR Clinical Reports
• The End of Transformers? On Challenging Attention and the Rise of Sub-Quadratic Architectures
• Untangling the Mechanisms of Misleading Context in Medical Question Answering