Can We Triage LLM Translation Errors in Classical Texts Without Human References? Source Novelty, GEMBA Scoring, and Budgeted Review through Pali-to-English Translation

arXiv:2609.14963 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-14 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-14

Updated: 2026-09-14

Comments: Preprint. This article has not yet been peer reviewed

Code: https://github.com/suttacentral/bilara-data

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Calibration — 49× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• AUC — 32× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 9× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• LLM judge — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Low-Resource Languages — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• LLM-as-a-Judge — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Multidimensional Quality Metrics — 1× in this paper
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Tokenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Latin BERT: A Contextual Language Model for Classical Philology
• Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Models
• Large Language Models Are State-of-the-Art Evaluators of Translation Quality
• GEMBA-MQM: Detecting Translation Quality Error Spans with GPT-4
• Gemini Embedding: Generalizable Embeddings from Gemini
• The Multi-Range Theory of Translation Quality Measurement: MQM scoring models and Statistical Quality Control
• PaliBench: A Multi-Reference Blueprint for Classical Language Translation Benchmarks
• Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages
• Learning from Many Voices: Literary MT Using Multi-Reference Human and Synthetic Data
• Evaluating LLM-Based Translation of a Low-Resource Technical Language: The Medical and Philosophical Greek of Galen
• Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena

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