Building Legal Reward Models for Grounding and Abstention

arXiv:2609.14739 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-13 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-13

Updated: 2026-09-13

Comments: Published at ICML 2026 AI4Law Workshop

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The gist: Large language models are increasingly used in high-stakes domains such as law, where systems must ground their reasoning in retrieved evidence and abstain when that evidence is insufficient.

Terminology

Abstract

Large language models are increasingly used in high-stakes domains such as law, where systems must ground their reasoning in retrieved evidence and abstain when that evidence is insufficient. However, existing reward models are largely optimised for general preferences rather than contextual grounding, limiting their ability to evaluate these behaviours in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) settings. We introduce a framework for transforming existing legal QA datasets into contextual preference data and use it to construct LegalRewardBench (LRB), a benchmark for evaluating grounded legal generation under noisy and insufficient retrieval conditions. Across general and legal contextual evaluation, we find that contextual DPO improves grounded evaluation, but performance is sensitive to preference-data construction. Length-balanced augmentation substantially improves grounded legal evaluation, with the strongest configuration combining length-balanced legal and general contextual preference data and improving performance by up to+25.6 pp over baseline. We further find evidence of cross-jurisdiction transfer: models contextually refined primarily on Victorian criminal-law data improve grounded evaluation on external US legal benchmarks, including a+16.2 pp improvement on Housing Statute QA. Together, these results provide a reproducible foundation for constructing and evaluating grounded legal reward models in retrieval-augmented settings.

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