GRIPNet: Gaussian Radial Intensity Prior Guided Architecture for Pulmonary Nodule Detection in CT

Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other malignancy, and low-dose CT screening is the main pathway to early diagnosis. That pathway hinges on the smallest lesions, yet nodules below six millimeters remain hard to detect, because most methods treat a nodule as a generic object and ignore the imaging physics behind its appearance. We show that this appearance is highly regular. Intensity peaks at the geometric center of a nodule and decays radially in a Gaussian pattern, and a fit to 18,218 annotated lesions from three public benchmarks yields a mean radial coefficient of determination above 0.86 in every dataset and size stratum. A square convolution samples both axes uniformly and is mismatched to this radial signal, most severely for small nodules. Guided by this evidence, we propose GRIPNet (Gaussian Radial Intensity Prior Network), a detector in which every module maps to a measurable property of the intensity distribution. Pinwheel convolutions decompose radial gradients, a dual-frequency module separates boundary detail from structural context, dilated masked attention matches the decay extent, and an adaptive loss reweights samples by conspicuity. GRIPNet raises mAP@0.5 to 95.3, 91.6 and 97.9 percent on KanserSet, LUNA16 and Lung-PET-CT-Dx while sharpening high-IoU localization at real-time speed.