Improving Cross-Lingual Token Representations by Adding a Pinch of SALT

arXiv:2609.09953 · cs.CL, cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-09 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-09

Updated: 2026-09-09

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

The gist: Cross-lingual sentence encoders enable scalable transfer across hundreds of languages, powering applications such as translation mining and zero-shot learning in low-resource settings.

Terminology

Abstract

Cross-lingual sentence encoders enable scalable transfer across hundreds of languages, powering applications such as translation mining and zero-shot learning in low-resource settings. Although trained for sentence-level alignment, they are increasingly also applied to token-level tasks such as hallucination detection and sequence tagging, exposing a mismatch between training and usage. We propose SALT, a lightweight post-training method that improves token representations by injecting span-level supervision into existing sentence encoders. Across five multilingual token-level benchmarks, SALT achieves the best overall results on four of them, outperforming alternative fine-tuning strategies and competitive encoders. It also improves sentence-level performance on cross-lingual retrieval and classification tasks. These results demonstrate that span-level supervision is an effective signal for improving both token and sentence representations.

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