A visual large language foundational model for medical image recognition using clinician-contributed online resources

arXiv:2609.06914 · cs.AI · Submitted 2026-09-07 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI

Submitted: 2026-09-07

Updated: 2026-09-28

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Accuracy — 39× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alignment — 23× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Grounding — 14× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Benchmark — 13× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 11× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Adaptation — 9× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Fine-Tuning — 7× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• GRPO — 6× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Evaluation Dimensions — 5× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Model — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalizability — 4× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Verification — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 3× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Benchmarking — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Domain-Adaptive Pre-training — 2× in this paper
• Downstream Tasks — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fidelity — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Semantic Similarity — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) — 2× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Calibration — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Causal Reasoning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Domain Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Group Relative Policy Optimization — 1× in this paper
• Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Multimodal Dataset — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Standardized Benchmarks — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Structured Reasoning — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Two-stage Supervised Fine-tuning — 1× in this paper
• Visual Grounding — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Generative Evaluation of Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models
• MedGemma Technical Report
• PMC-VQA: Visual Instruction Tuning for Medical Visual Question Answering
• MiniGPT-v2: large language model as a unified interface for vision-language multi-task learning
• DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models
• Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback
• OpenAI GPT-5 System Card

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