Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking About

arXiv:2609.03577 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-03 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-03

Updated: 2026-09-03

Code: https://github.com/nlp-uoregon/mlmm-evaluation

Project page: https://malvinanissim.github.io

Terminology

• Benchmark — 18× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 15× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Perplexity — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Steering — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Activation Steering — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Adaptation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Downstream Tasks — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstraction — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Fidelity — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• In-Context Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Low-Resource Languages — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transfer Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Transformer Architecture — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• GPT-NL Public Corpus: A Permissively Licensed, Dutch-First Dataset for LLM Pre-training
• IT5: Text-to-text Pretraining for Italian Language Understanding and Generation
• LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models
• Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
• Advanced Natural-based interaction for the ITAlian language: LLaMAntino-3-ANITA
• LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
• Mistral 7B
• Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone
• TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?
• Alignment Makes Language Models Normative, Not Descriptive
• The Shrinking Landscape of Linguistic Diversity in the Age of Large Language Models
• MultiNRC: A Challenging and Native Multilingual Reasoning Evaluation Benchmark for LLMs

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