The Shape of Ownership: Verifying LLM Provenance through Semantic Structures

arXiv:2609.02553 · cs.CR · Submitted 2026-09-02 · Read on arXiv

cs.CR

Submitted: 2026-09-02

Updated: 2026-09-02

Comments: 20 pages

Code: https://github.com/tatsu-lab/stanford_alpaca

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Verification — 41× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pruning — 40× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 37× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Distillation — 34× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Quantization — 26× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Robustness — 25× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Fingerprinting — 21× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Knowledge Distillation — 16× in this paper · explained in 11 episodes
• Provenance — 8× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Calibration — 7× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Abstraction — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Abstract Meaning Representation — 4× in this paper
• Benchmark — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Instructional Fingerprinting — 3× in this paper
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 3× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Regularization — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Verifier — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• alpha — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Semantically Conditioned Watermarking — 2× in this paper
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Alpha Parameter — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Cross-Turn Contextual Correlation — 1× in this paper
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• LoRA Adapters — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• LoRA Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Scalable Fingerprint — 1× in this paper
• Sparsity — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transferability — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes

Sources

• Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge
• Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams
• Scalable Fingerprinting of Large Language Models
• Hey, That's My Model! Introducing Chain & Hash, An LLM Fingerprinting Technique
• Copyright Protection for Large Language Models: A Survey of Methods, Challenges, and Trends
• CTCC: A Robust and Stealthy Fingerprinting Framework for Large Language Models via Cross-Turn Contextual Correlation Backdoor
• SWAN: Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation
• REEF: Representation Encoding Fingerprints for Large Language Models

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