When Tokenization is Secretly Output Supervision

arXiv:2609.01386 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-01 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-01

Updated: 2026-09-01

Terminology

• Tokenization — 168× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 42× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 18× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Linear probe — 12× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Decoupling — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Temporal Reasoning — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Ablation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer Models — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Data Augmentation — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Decode — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Interpretability — 2× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Calibration — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Credit assignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Formal Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Grounding — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Human-in-the-Loop — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• In-Context Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Ontology — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pruning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Regularization — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Self-consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Text-to-SQL — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Verifier — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Mistral 7B
• Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization
• Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretability
• 2 OLMo 2 Furious
• Understanding and Mitigating Tokenization Bias in Language Models
• Tokenization counts: the impact of tokenization on arithmetic in frontier LLMs
• Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
• Do language models plan ahead for future tokens?
• Qwen2 Technical Report
• Tokenization Constraints in LLMs: A Study of Symbolic and Arithmetic Reasoning Limits

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