CaRL-EM: Cost-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Entity Matching with LLMs

arXiv:2609.01195 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-09-01 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-09-01

Updated: 2026-09-01

Terminology

• Benchmark — 14× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 9× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 6× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Accuracy — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Robustness — 5× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Zero-Shot Transfer — 5× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Ablation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• F1 Score — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Proximal Policy Optimization — 2× in this paper
• Verification — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Ablation study — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Abstraction — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• CaRL-EM on Abt-Buy — 1× in this paper
• Computational overhead — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Contextual Understanding — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Grounding — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Knowledge Base Construction — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Markov Decision Process (MDP) — 1× in this paper · explained in 11 episodes
• Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Pruning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning (RL) — 1× in this paper · explained in 25 episodes
• Resource Constraints — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reward Shaping — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transfer Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Transferability — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card
• FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performance
• DeepER -- Deep Entity Resolution
• ReTool: Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Tool Use in LLMs
• Improving Entity Resolution with Global Constraints
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• On Leveraging Large Language Models for Enhancing Entity Resolution: A Cost-efficient Approach
• Deep Entity Matching with Pre-Trained Language Models
• Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms
• Gemma 3 Technical Report
• Qwen3 Technical Report

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