How Language Models Organize and Structure Moral Knowledge

arXiv:2608.27402 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG · Submitted 2026-08-27 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG

Submitted: 2026-08-27

Updated: 2026-10-07

Code: https://github.com/deepsteer/deepsteer

Terminology

• Accuracy — 55× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Cosine Similarity — 52× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Clustering — 21× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Linear probe — 11× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 11× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Moral Foundations Theory — 9× in this paper
• Alignment — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Affective salience — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Core — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Decode — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adam — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Calibration — 3× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Ablation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Cooperation — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Steering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Linear Probing — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Representation Engineering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Representation Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Scaffolding — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Spectral clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes
• Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction
• Aligning AI With Shared Human Values
• OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
• 2 OLMo 2 Furious
• The Linear Representation Hypothesis and the Geometry of Large Language Models
• Output Dilution: Redundant but Fragile Representations in MoE Models
• When Probing Accuracy Saturates, Fragility Resolves: A Complementary Metric for LLM Pre-Training Analysis
• Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency

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