Cold Dark Matter and Self-Interacting Dark Matter Interpretations of Cloud-9

Recently, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope discovered a gas-rich hydrogen cloud near M94 in the 21, cm band. Lacking an optical counterpart, this object, dubbed Cloud-9, has been identified as a compelling Reionization Limited Hi Cloud (RELHIC). RELHICs provide exceptionally clean laboratories for probing dark matter, free from the baryonic complexities associated with star formation and feedback. We show that the observed hydrogen column density profile of Cloud-9 is consistent with a gas cloud embedded in either a cuspy halo predicted by the standard cold dark matter (CDM) model or a cored halo produced by self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). In both cases, the halo must have an unusually diffuse central density. The best-fitting CDM halo lies around 7 sigma below the cosmological concentration--mass relation, whereas SIDM core-forming halos reduce the tension to only around 3 sigma. We further identify Cloud-9 analogs in the Concerto suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations with velocity-dependent SIDM, demonstrating that RELHICs provide a promising new probe of dark matter self-interactions.