Radio Recombination Line Contamination in Post-Reionization 21 cm Intensity Mapping

We explore radio recombination line (RRL) contamination in post-reionization 21 cm intensity mapping observations. We develop a formalism to estimate the contamination of the 21 cm auto-power spectrum from the myriad of RRL lines that redshift into a 21 cm map and predict contamination of the 21 cm power spectrum at all redshifts. At z 2, extrapolation of the conservative upper-bound model of Petrovic & Oh (2011) predicts high contamination to the 21 cm power spectrum, whereas our empirically-calibrated models suggest contamination several orders of magnitude smaller. We also estimate the contribution from carbon RRLs and find it to be subdominant. We find the RRL contamination is highly oscillatory in wavenumber, owing to the dominant contamination from RRLs emitted close in physical space to the 21 cm emission. These oscillations could in principle bias distance measurements derived from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), a key science driver of post-reionization 21 cm intensity mapping. We find the shift in the BAO extrema is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than relevant for percent-precision cosmology from BAO.