Interlopers as Signal in Line Intensity Mapping

Line intensity mapping measures the combined emission of atomic and molecular lines from unresolved galaxies, offering a way to map cosmic structure across enormous volumes. A single observed frequency, however, contains emission from several spectral lines at different redshifts. These interlopers are usually removed before cosmological inference. We show that this removal is not always optimal. Once the possible emitting lines and their redshifts are included in the model, interlopers become additional tracers of large-scale structure at other epochs, projected into the coordinate system of the target line. We formulate interloper treatment as a Fisher decision problem, requiring both improved precision and parameter bias below a chosen tolerance. In SPHEREx forecasts for H alpha with [O III], H beta, and [O II] interlopers, and in FYST forecasts for [C II] with CO interlopers, m h squared and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measurements are comparatively robust to astrophysical calibration errors, whereas the clustering amplitude sigma 8 and the dark energy parameters w 0 and w a are more sensitive to the adopted line model and priors. The BAO distance measurement gives a simple physical picture: modeling interlopers turns two observed bands into a transverse BAO distance ladder over 0.7 z 5.8. Interlopers are therefore not only contaminants to remove, but a calibrated component of the cosmological signal model for future LIM surveys.