On AI Safety and Security Technical Debt in Engineering AI-Enabled Systems

arXiv:2607.23365 · cs.SE, cs.AI, cs.CR · Submitted 2026-07-25 · Read on arXiv

Muhammad Tukur, Hayatullahi B. Adeyemo, Tao Chen, Nour Ali, Anis Zarrad, Rick Kazman, Marco Agus, Rami Bahsoon

cs.SE, cs.AI, cs.CR

Submitted: 2026-07-25

Comments: 64 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables, submitted to ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

Artificial Intelligence — 46× in this paper
Robustness — 43× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Glue Code — 28× in this paper
Correction Cascades — 24× in this paper
Entanglement — 23× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Accountability — 16× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Accuracy — 13× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Verification — 13× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Alignment — 12× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Redundancy — 12× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Interpretability — 11× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
Abstraction — 10× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Deep God File — 10× in this paper
Jumbled Model Architecture — 10× in this paper
Modularity — 10× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
Explainability — 9× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Adversarial Attacks — 8× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Generalization — 8× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
Adversarial Training — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Distribution Shift — 7× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Formal Verification — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
International Conference on Software Engineering — 7× in this paper
Core — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Model Drift — 6× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Adam — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Agentic AI — 5× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Federated Learning — 5× in this paper · explained in 14 episodes
Transfer Learning — 5× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
Adaptation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Adversarial Examples — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Algorithmic Bias — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Artificial Intelligence (AI) — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications — 4× in this paper
Domain Adaptation — 4× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Failure Modes — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Human-in-the-Loop — 4× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Multiple Language Smells — 4× in this paper
Scattered Use of ML Libraries — 4× in this paper
Unwanted Debugging Code — 4× in this paper
Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Data Leak Prevention — 3× in this paper
Explainable AI (XAI) — 3× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
Model-Agnostic — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Objective Function — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Reinforcement Learning — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Trace — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
AI Alignment — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Adversarial Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference — 2× in this paper
Feature Engineering — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Feature Extraction — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Grounding — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution — 2× in this paper
Multi-Agent System — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
Regularization — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Standardized Metrics — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Agentic AI systems — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Bayesian Inference — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Concept Drift — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Data Augmentation — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
Data Fusion — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Differential Privacy — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Digital Twin — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Domain Shift — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Feature Selection — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Fine-Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Generalizability — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Generative Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Generative Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Hallucination — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
Meta-learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Modular Architecture — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Modular Components — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Nadia — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Ontology — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Detection — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Quantization — 1× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
Sparsity — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Structural Integrity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Tokenization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Unified Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
Unified Modeling Language — 1× in this paper

On AI Safety and Security Technical Debt in Engineering AI-Enabled Systems

Terminology

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